GPON is based on point-to-multipoint architecture

 

GPON 

GPON stands for Gigabit Passive Optical Network. It is a type of high-speed network standard for Internet access, mainly used for broadband services over optical fiber. Here are the details of GPON and its main features:

 

1. Network Structure: GPON is based on point-to-multipoint architecture, which means that a single fiber optic cable can serve multiple locations using passive optical splitters. This is in contrast to the point-to-point model, where each location requires its own fiber optic cable.

2. OLT and ONT/ONU: OLT (Optical Line Terminal): This is a device located at the service provider's headquarters. It transmits data to multiple users and also collects data from users. ONT (Optical Network Terminal) or ONU (Optical Network Unit): This is a device located at the customer's premises. It receives data sent from the OLT. The terms ONT and ONU are sometimes used interchangeably, but ONT is usually customer facing and ONU can refer to a larger device that serves multiple customers in some situations.

3. Speed ​​and Efficiency: GPON offers asymmetric bandwidth with downstream rates of up to 2.5 Gbit/s and upstream rates of up to 1.25 Gbit/s. However, there are advancements and new standards that can provide even higher rates. The use of passive splitters in the network eliminates the need for power in the distribution network, reducing maintenance costs and improving reliability.

4. Wavelengths: GPON uses wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), which allows multiple signals with different wavelengths (colors) of light to be transmitted over a single optical fiber. Typically, two wavelengths are used, one for downstream data and one for upstream data.

5. Layer 2 Protocols: GPON uses Ethernet and TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) for data and voice services respectively. This makes it extremely versatile and allows a variety of services to be offered over a single infrastructure.

6. Distance and coverage: The GPON standard allows for coverage of up to 20 kilometers (about 12.4 miles) between the central office and the end user, making it suitable for both densely populated urban areas and large rural areas.

 

In communication and network technology

 

Transceiver

Mobile broadband customers expect a high-quality

 800g

5G C-band is seen as a way to support speed and coverage

 400g

Univold, an independent supplier of computers and related products

 

 

Univold is one of the leading electronic retailers with 15 years of experience. We have served customers from the military to businesses, academic institutions and hobbyists, and along the way we are proud to have built a strong reputation for great prices, great selection and 'what's available' Good for hard to find electronics.Click here for juniper networks.

Univold is one of the leading electronic retailers with 15 years of experience. We have served 2019 customers from the military to businesses, educational institutions and hobbyists and along the way we have proudly built a strong reputation for great prices, great selection and 'good quality' electronics. hard to find. Univold's purchasing expertise allows even small to large businesses or individuals to benefit from the same competitive pricing benefits reserved for Fortune 500 buyers.

Univold is the only electronics retailer that offers its customers a great selection. Univold offers more than 300,000 of the industry's most popular products, but what sets us apart is a wide selection of brand-name and generic products that are often 15-25% off, and a selection that always change special purchases and save 30% to 50% and others. Univold is the kind of company you want to work with.

 

Univold has many years of experience, we are committed to providing customers with good quality electronic products. This belief is still valid today. We deal with manufacturers around the world, including Asia. Thanks to its direct connection and long history with these producers, the company receives the lowest prices for the best products.

 

What are IoT devices?

 

cisco networking

Proxy Firewall

 

A firewall is a network security device that separates a trusted internal network from an external network that is considered untrusted, such as the Internet. It regulates incoming and outgoing network traffic based on pre-configured security rules. Firewalls play a central role in protecting networks from unauthorized access, malicious activity, and potential threats, and can exist as hardware, software, Software as a Service (SaaS), or a public or private (virtual) cloud.

Firewalls inspect network packets to implement security policies, effectively preventing unauthorized users and potentially harmful data from entering or leaving the network. A firewall primarily acts as a gatekeeper, checking every network packet and deciding whether to allow or block the packet based on pre-configured rules. This ensures that only traffic that is deemed safe and legitimate passes through the firewall.

In addition to these core functions, today's next-generation firewalls (NGFWs) have many other features to improve network security. These include deep packet inspection, application visibility and control, intrusion detection and prevention, malware protection, URL filtering, and more.

Types of Firewalls

Packet Filter Firewalls

These firewalls inspect all data packets that pass through them and filter them based on parameters such as source and destination IP addresses, port numbers, and protocol types. These firewalls are relatively simple and inexpensive, but because they cannot inspect the contents of packets, they are less effective against complex attacks.

Proxy Firewall

A proxy firewall is an early type of firewall device that acts as a gateway from one network to another for specific applications. By preventing direct connections from outside the network, a proxy server can provide additional functionality such as content caching and security. However, this can also impact throughput capabilities and the applications they can support.

Stateful Inspection Firewall A

stateful inspection firewall is now considered a traditional firewall, and allows or blocks traffic based on status, port, and protocol. It monitors all activity from the beginning to the end of a connection. Filtering decisions are based on both administrator-defined rules and context, using information from previous connections and packets belonging to the same connection.